Lexical specifications : application to French
Jean Véronis and Liliane Khouri, CNRS
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Lexical specifications : application to French
Jean Véronis and Liliane Khouri, CNRS |
Copyright (c) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1995.
This document is only a draft and should be cited as such. Creators of WWW documents pointing to it are warned that its content and location may change without notice. This document is provided as is without any express or implied warranties. While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained, the authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes provided this copyright, disclaimer and permission notice are preserved on all copies.
WARNING
The morpho-syntactic description model used in the Multext Lexicon was specifically developed to cater for multilingual requirements.
The choice of pertinent grammatical categories and morpho-syntactical features was made according to a minimalizing strategy : the problem with multilingual compatibility took preference over the volume of information.
The irreconcilable differences between linguistic systems such as declension, are tagged "non-applicable" (coded as "-") which makes reading the labels described below more difficult than we hoped. ("Etiquettage grammatical multilingue : modèle")
Besides, the blank space inside some compound words is marked as underscore ("_") : "pomme_de_terre".
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type common livre c
proper Jean p
distinguished France d
------------ ----------------- --------------- ----
Gender masculine homme m
feminine femme f
------------ ----------------- --------------- ----
Number singular hommes s
plural femmes p
------------ ----------------- --------------- ----
Case /// /// - -
------------ ----------------- --------------- ----
Semantic type country, city France c
inhabitant Français h
company, institution IBM s
============ ================= =============== ====
======= ====================== ================================================= Lexique Example Definition ======= ====================== ================================================= Ncms-- homme Common Name masc. sing. Ncmp-- hommes Common Name masc. plur. Ncfs-- femme Common Name fem. sing. Ncfp-- femmes Common Name fem. plur. Npfs-- Julie Proper Name fem. sing. Npfs-c Marseille Proper Name of city fem. sing. Npms-- Jean Proper Name masc. sing. Npms-c Israël Proper Name of country/city masc. sing. Ndfp-- Erinyes Distinguished Name fem. plur. Ndfp-c Antilles Distinguished Name of country/city fem. plur. Ndfp-h Allemandes Distinguished Name of inhabitant fem. plur. Ndfp-s Nations-Unies Distinguished Name of institution fem. plur. Ndfs-- Commedia_dell'arte Distinguished Name fem. sing. Ndfs-c Europe Distinguished Name of country/city fem. sing. Ndfs-h Hongroise Distinguished Name of inhabitant fem. sing. Ndfs-s SACEM Distinguished Name of institution fem. sing. Ndmp-- Cyclopes Distinguished Name masc. plur. Ndmp-c Pays-Bas Distinguished Name of country/city masc. plur. Ndmp-h Italiens Distinguished Name of inhabitants masc. plur. Ndms-- Blitz Distinguished Name masc. sing. Ndms-c Japon Distinguished Name of country/city masc. sing. Ndms-h Kabyle Distinguished Name of inhabitant masc. sing. =================================================================================Note 1 :
The discrimination between "proper nouns" and "distinguished nouns" deals with the syntactic treatment of capitalized words.
A "proper noun" (Np) may be considered as a nominal syntagm by itself ("Jean marche") even if it may eventually be used with a determiner ("Le Jean que je connais", "La Marie", "un Matisse") ;
The "distinguished noun" class includes any other capitalized word ("Assemblée", "Anglais") having a syntactic behaviour equivalent to a common noun.
Note 2 :
The following tags are available but not instanciated in the lexicon :
Ndmp-s, Npfp--, Npfp-c, Npfp-h, Npfp-s, Npfs-h, Npfs-s, Npmp--, Npmp-c, Npmp-h,Npms-h
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type main partir m
auxiliary avoir a
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Mood/Vform indicative viens i
subjunctive vienne s
imperative viens m
conditional viendrais c
infinitive venir n
participle venu p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Tense present viens p
imperfect venais i
future viendrai f
past vins s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person first suis 1
second es 2
third est 3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number singular viens s
plural venons p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender masculine venu m
feminine venue f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Clitics /// /// -
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Note
The past participle of the auxiliary verb "être", the copulative verbs (e.g. "sembler") and impersonal verbs (e.g."falloir"), which do not agree in gender, are encoded with the value not applicable (-) : été : Vaps-----, semblé : Vmps-----
======= ====================== ======================================================================= Lexique Example Definition ======= ====================== ======================================================================= Vmn----- venir Infinitive of main verbs Van----- être, avoir Infinitive of aux. Vmpp---- venant Present part. Vapp---- étant, ayant Present part. Vmps---- semblé Invariable past part. of main verbs Vmps-pf- venues Past part. fem. plur. of main verbs Vmps-sf- venue Past part. fem. sing. of main verbs Vmps-pm- venus Past part. masc. plur. of main verbs Vmps-sm- venu Past part. masc. sing. of main verbs Vaps---- été Invariable past part. of "être" aux. Vaps-pf- eues Past part. fem. plur. of "avoir" aux. Vaps-sf- eue Past part. fem. sing. of "avoir" aux. Vaps-pm- eus Past part. masc. plur. of "avoir" aux. Vaps-sm- eu Past part. masc. sing. of "avoir" aux. Vaip1s-- suis, ai Indic. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vaip2s-- es, as Indic. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vaip3s-- est, a Indic. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vaip1p-- sommes, avons Indic. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vaip2p-- êtes, avez Indic. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vaip3p-- sont, ont Indic. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmip1s-- viens Indic. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmip2s-- viens Indic. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmip3s-- vient Indic. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmip1p-- venons Indic. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmip2p-- venez Indic. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmip3p-- viennent Indic. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vaii1s-- étais, avais Indic. imperf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vaii2s-- étais, avais Indic. imperf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vaii3s-- était, avait Indic. imperf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vaii1p-- étions, avions Indic. imperf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vaii2p-- étiez, aviez Indic. imperf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vaii3p-- étaient, avaient Indic. imperf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmii1s-- venais Indic. imperf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmii2s-- venais Indic. imperf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmii3s-- venait Indic. imperf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmii1p-- venions Indic. imperf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmii2p-- veniez Indic. imperf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmii3p-- venaient Indic. imperf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vaif1s-- serai, aurai Indic. fut. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vaif2s-- seras, auras Indic. fut. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vaif3s-- sera, aura Indic. fut. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vaif1p-- serons, aurons Indic. fut. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vaif2p-- serez, aurez Indic. fut. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vaif3p-- seront, auront Indic. fut. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmif1s-- viendrai Indic. fut. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmif2s-- viendras Indic. fut. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmif3s-- viendra Indic. fut. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vmif1p-- viendrons Indic. fut. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmif2p-- viendrez Indic. fut. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmif3p-- viendrons Indic. fut. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vais1s-- fus, eus Indic. perf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vais2s-- fus, eus Indic. perf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vais3s-- fut, eut Indic. perf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vais1p-- fûmes, eûmes Indic. perf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vais2p-- fûtes, eûtes Indic. perf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vais3p-- furent, eurent Indic. perf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmis1s-- vins Indic. perf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmis2s-- vins Indic. perf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmis3s-- vint Indic. perf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vmis1p-- vinmes Indic. perf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmis2p-- vintes Indic. perf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmis3p-- vinrent Indic. perf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vasp1s-- sois, aie Subjunc. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vasp2s-- sois, aies Subjunc. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vasp3s-- soit, ait Subjunc. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vasp1p-- soyons, ayons Subjunc. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vasp2p-- soyez, ayez Subjunc. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vasp3p-- soient, avaient Subjunc. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmsp1s-- finisse Subjunc. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmsp2s-- finisse Subjunc. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmsp3s-- finisse Subjunc. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vmsp1p-- finissions Subjunc. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmsp2p-- finissiez Subjunc. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmsp3p-- finissent Subjunc. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vasi1s-- fusse, eusse Subjunc. imperf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vasi2s-- fusses, eusses Subjunc. imperf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vasi3s-- fût, eût Subjunc. imperf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vasi1p-- fussions, eussions Subjunc. imperf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vasi2p-- fussiez, eussiez Subjunc. imperf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vasi3p-- fussent, eussent Subjunc. imperf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmsi1s-- finisse Subjunc. imperf. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmsi2s-- finisse Subjunc. imperf. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmsi3s-- finit Subjunc. imperf. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vmsi1p-- finissions Subjunc. imperf. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmsi2p-- finissiez Subjunc. imperf. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmsi3p-- finissent Subjunc. imperf. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vacp1s-- serais, aurais Cond. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of aux. Vacp2s-- serais, aurais Cond. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vacp3s-- serait, aurait Cond. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vacp1p-- serions, aurions Cond. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vacp2p-- seriez, auriez Cond. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vacp3p-- seraient, auraient Cond. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of aux. Vmcp1s-- viendrais Cond. pres. tense 1rst sing. pers. of main verbs Vmcp2s-- viendrais Cond. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmcp3s-- viendrait Cond. pres. tense 3rd sing. pers. of aux. Vmcp1p-- viendrions Cond. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmcp2p-- viendriez Cond. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs Vmcp3p-- viendraient Cond. pres. tense 3rd plur. pers. of main verbs Vamp2s-- sois, aie Imper. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of aux. Vamp1p-- soyons, ayons Imper. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of aux. Vamp2p-- soyez, ayez Imper. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of aux. Vmmp2s-- viens Imper. pres. tense 2nd sing. pers. of main verbs Vmmp1p-- venons Imper. pres. tense 1rst plur. pers. of main verbs Vmmp2p-- venez Imper. pres. tense 2nd plur. pers. of main verbs ======= ====================== =======================================================================
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type qualificat. bon f
ordinal deuxième o
indefinite quelconque i
possessive mien s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree positive bon p
comparative meilleur c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender masculine bon m
feminine bonne f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number singular bon s
plural bons p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case /// /// -
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Notes
======= =========================== =========================================== Lexique Example Definition ======= =========================== =========================================== Afcfp- meilleures Comp. qualif. adjec. fem. plur. Afcfs- meilleure Comp. qualif. adjec. fem. sing. Afcmp- meilleurs Comp. qualif. adjec. masc. plur. Afcms- meilleur Comp. qualif. adjec. masc. sing. Afpfp- bonnes Qualif. adjec. fem. plur. Afpfs- bonne Qualif. adjec. fem. sing. Afpmp- bons Qualif. adjec. masc. plur. Afpms- bon Qualif. adjec. masc. sing. Ai-fp- certaines, mêmes etc. Indef. adjec. fem. plur. Ai-fs- certane, même etc. Indef. adjec. fem. sing. Ai-mp- certain, mêmes etc. Indef. adjec. masc. plur. Ai-ms- certain, même etc. Indef. adjec. masc. sing. Ac-fp- deux Card. adjec. fem. plur. Ac-fs- une Card. adjec. fem. sing. Ac-mp- deux Card. adjec. masc. plur. Ac-ms- un Card. adjec. masc. sing. Ao-fp- premières Ord. adjec. fem. plur. Ao-fs- première Ord. adjec. fem. sing. Ao-mp- premiers Ord. adjec. masc. plur. Ao-ms- premier Ord. adjec. masc. sing. As-fp- leurs, miennes etc. Poss. adjec. fem. plur. As-fs- leur, mienne etc. Poss. adjec. fem. sing. As-mp- leurs, miens etc. Poss. adjec. masc. plur. As-ms- leur, mien etc. Poss. adjec. masc. sing. ================================================================================
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type personal je p
demonstrat. celui d
indefinite certain i
possessive le_mien s
interrog. lequel t
relative quel r
reflexive se x
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person first je 1
second tu 2
third il 3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender masculine cet,il m
feminine cette,elle f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number singular certain s
plural certains p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case nominative il n
object le, lui j
oblique moi o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor singular mon s
plural nos p
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Notes
Possessive pronouns are compound forms only ("le mien"). The form
"mien" is an adjective (see note supra).
The case system proposed by EAGLES (nominative, accusative, dative, oblique, etc.) does not map readily to French personal pronouns. The usual typology is the following: subject je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles
object me, te, le, la, lui, se, nous, vous, les, leur, se
other moi, toi, lui, elle, soi, nous, vous, eux, elles, soi
The category "other" corresponds to reinforcement of subject or object ("Moi, je le dis"), attribute ("C'est moi"), etc. We could use the following mapping: Nominative --> subject Accusative --> direct object Dative --> indirect object Oblique --> other However, this solution splits "object" in "direct" and "indirect", and this distintion is valid only for the 3rd personal pronouns in French (direct: le, la, les; indirect: lui, leur). Encoding this distinction would duplicate all other forms (direct:me, te, etc.; indirect: me, te, etc.). We have therefore added one value to the case system proposed: the value "Object".
The addition of those new values for the attribute type has not yet been considered in French. It is clear that the value "exclamative" would be more useful for the Determiner category (where it is merged with the interrogative value). As for reciprocal value, it may be redundant with the codes using the case-value "j" (object), applied to personal pronouns, and the reflexive pronouns coded Px.
The presence of disjuncted lexical units among pronouns has led to their lexicalisation for the sake of consistency of some paradigms : for instance the paradigm "auquel", "auxquels" and "auxquelles" is completed with the unit 'à_laquelle", which is not completely satisfactory.
======= ================== ========================================================================= Lexique Example Definition ======= ================== ========================================================================== Ps1fs-s la_mienne Poss. pron. 1st pers. fem., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps1fs-p la_nôtre Poss. pron. 1st pers. fem., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps1fp-s les_miennes Poss. pron. 1st pers. fem., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps1fp-p les_nôtres Poss. pron. 1st pers. fem., plur. possession and plur. possessor Ps1ms-s le_mien Poss. pron. 1st pers. masc., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps1ms-p le_nôtre Poss. pron. 1st pers. masc., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps1mp-s les_miens Poss. pron. 1st pers. masc., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps1mp-p les_nôtres Poss. pron. 1st pers. masc., plur. possession and plur. possessor Ps2fs-s la_tienne Poss. pron. 2nd pers. fem., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps2fs-p la_vôtre Poss. pron. 2nd pers. fem., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps2fp-s les_tiennes Poss. pron. 2nd pers. fem., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps2fp-p les_vôtres Poss. pron. 2nd pers. fem., plur. possession and plur. possessor Ps2ms-s le_tien Poss. pron. 2nd pers. masc., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps2ms-p le_vôtre Poss. pron. 2nd pers. masc., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps2mp-s les_tiens Poss. pron. 2nd pers. masc., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps2mp-p les_vôtres Poss. pron. 2nd pers. masc., plur. possession and plur. possessor Ps3fs-s la_sienne Poss. pron. 3rd pers. fem., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps3fs-p la_leur Poss. pron. 3rd pers. fem., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps3fp-s les_siennes Poss. pron. 3rd pers. fem., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps3fp-p les_leurs Poss. pron. 3rd pers. fem., plur. possession and plur. possessor Ps3ms-s le_sien Poss. pron. 3nd pers. masc., sing. possession and sing. possessor Ps3ms-p le_leur Poss. pron. 3nd pers. masc., sing. possession and plur. possessor Ps3mp-s les_siens Poss. pron. 3nd pers. masc., plur. possession and sing. possessor Ps3mp-p les_leurs Poss. pron. 3nd pers. masc., plur. possession and plur. possessor Pp1-sn- je Pers. pron. 1st pers. sing. nominative Pp2-sn- tu Pers. pron. 2nd pers. sing. nominative Pp3msn- il, on Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. sing. nominative Pp3fsn- elle Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. sing. nominative Pp1-pn- nous Pers. pron. 1st pers. plur. nominative Pp2-pn- vous Pers. pron. 2nd pers. plur. nominative Pp3mpn- ils Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. plur. nominative Pp3fpn- elles Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. plur. nominative Pp1-sj- me Pers. pron. 1st pers. sing. object Pp2-sj- te Pers. pron. 2nd pers. sing. object Pp3msj- le, se, lui Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. sing. object Pp3fsj- la, se, lui Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. sing. object Pp3--j- en, y Pers. pron. 3rd pers. sing. object Pp1-pj- nous Pers. pron. 1st pers. plur. object Pp2-pj- vous Pers. pron. 2nd pers. plur. object Pp3mpj- les, se, leur Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. plur. object Pp3fpj- les, se, leur Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. plur. object Pp1-so- moi Pers. pron. 1st pers. sing. oblique Pp2-so- toi Pers. pron. 2nd pers. sing. oblique Pp3mso- lui, soi Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. sing. oblique Pp3fso- elle, soi Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. sing. oblique Pp1-po- nous Pers. pron. 1st pers. plur. oblique Pp2-po- vous Pers. pron. 2nd pers. plur. oblique Pp3mpo- eux, soi Pers. pron. 3rd pers. masc. plur. oblique Pp3fpo- elles, soi Pers. pron. 3rd pers. fem. plur. oblique Pd-fp-- celles, celles-ci Pron. demons. fem. plur. Pd-fs-- celle, celle-ci Pron. demons. fem. sing. Pd-mp-- ceux, ceux-ci Pron. demons. masc. plur. Pd-ms-- celui, celui-ci Pron. demons. masc. sing. Pd----- ce, ceci Pron. demons. Px1-s-- me Pron. reflex. 1st pers. sing. Px1-p-- te Pron. reflex. 2nd pers. sing. Px2-s-- se Pron. reflex. 3rd pers. sing. Px2-p-- nous Pron. reflex. 1st pers. plur. Px3-s-- vous Pron. reflex. 2nd pers. plur. Px3-p-- se Pron. reflex. 3rd pers. sing. Pi-fp-- quelques-unes Pron. indef. fem. plur. Pi-fs-- aucune, nulle Pron. indef. fem. sing. Pi-mp-- quelques-uns Pron. indef. masc. plur. Pi-ms-- aucun, nul Pron. indef. masc. sing. Pr----- que, qui Pron. relat. Pr-fp-- lesquelles Pron. relat. fem. plur. Pr-fs-- laquelle Pron. relat. fem. sing. Pr-mp-- lesquels Pron. relat. masc. plur. Pr-ms-- lequel Pron. relat. masc. sing. Pt----- quoi Pron. interrog. Pt-fp-- lesquelles Pron. interrog. fem. plur. Pt-fs-- laquelle Pron. interrog. fem. sing. Pt-mp-- lesquels Pron. interrog. masc. plur. Pt-ms-- lequel Pron. interrog. masc. sing. ======================================================================================================
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type article le a
demonstrative ce d
indefinite certain i
possessive mon s
interrog./exclam quel t
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Person first ma 1
second ta 2
third sa 3
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Gender masculine le m
feminine la f
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Number singular le s
plural les p
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Case /// /// -
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Possessor singular mon s
plural nos p
------------ ---------------- ----------- ----
Quantif. definite le d
indefinite un i
============ ================ =========== ====
======= ==================== ================================================================= Lexique Example Definition ======= ==================== ================================================================= Ds1fs-s- ma (tasse) Posses. determ. 1st pers. fem., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds1ms-s- mon (livre) Posses. determ. 1st pers. masc., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds1fp-s- mes (tasses) Posses. determ. 1st pers. fem., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds1mp-s- mes (livres) Posses. determ. 1st pers. masc., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds2fs-s- ta (tasse) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. fem., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds2ms-s- ton (livre) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. masc., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds2fp-s- tes (tasses) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. fem., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds2mp-s- tes (livres) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. masc., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds3fs-s- sa (tasse) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. fem., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds3ms-s- son (livre) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. masc., sing. possession sing. possessor Ds3fp-s- ses (tasses) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. fem., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds3mp-s- ses (livres) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. masc., plur. possession sing. possessor Ds1fs-p- notre (tasse) Posses. determ. 1st pers. fem., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds1ms-p- notre (livre) Posses. determ. 1st pers. masc., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds1fp-p- nos (tasses) Posses. determ. 1st pers. fem., plur. possession plur. possessor Ds1mp-p- nos (livres) Posses. determ. 1st pers. masc., plur. possession plur. possessor Ds2fs-p- votre (tasse) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. fem., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds2ms-p- votre (livre) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. masc., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds2fp-p- vos (tasses) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. fem., plur. possession plur. possessor Ds2mp-p- vos (livres) Posses. determ. 2nd pers. masc., plur. possession plur. possessor Ds3fs-p- leur (tasse) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. fem., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds3ms-p- leur (livre) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. masc., sing. possession plur. possessor Ds3fp-p- leurs (tasses) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. fem., plur. possession plur. possessor Ds3mp-p- leurs (livres) Posses. determ. 3rd pers. masc., plur. possession plur. possessor Dd-fs--- cette Demons. determ. fem. sing. Dd-ms--- cet, ce Demons. determ. masc. sing. Dd-fp--- ces Demons. determ. fem. plur. Dd-mp--- ces Demons. determ. masc. plur. Di-fs--- aucune Indef. determ. fem. sing. Di-ms--- aucun Indef. determ. masc. sing. Di-fp--- certaines Indef. determ. fem. plur. Di-mp--- certains Indef. determ. masc. plur. Dt-fs--- quelle Interrog./exclam determ. fem. sing. Dt-ms--- quel Interrog./exclam determ. masc. sing. Dt-fp--- quelles Interrog./exclam determ. fem. plur. Dt-mp--- quels Interrog./exclam determ. masc. plur. Da-fs--d la Definite article fem. sing. Da-ms--d le Definite article masc. sing. Da-fp--d les Definite article fem. plur. Da-mp--d les Definite article fem. plur. Da-fs--i une Indefinite article fem. sing. Da-ms--i un Indefinite article masc. sing. Da-fp--i des Indefinite article fem. plur. Da-mp--i des Indefinite article fem. plur. ===============================================================================================
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Attribute Value Example Code
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Type general fortement g
particle ne, pas p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree positive fortement p
comparative davantage c
negative ne, pas n
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NoteWe encode degree for compatibility with other languages, but as for adjectives, the comparative feature is not very productive in French. It applies only to "beaucoup" (comp.= "davantage"), "bien" (comp.= "mieux"), "mal" (comp.= "pis") and "peu" (comp. = "moins"). The comparative for other adverbs is marked by "plus" + adverb (e.g. "plus fortement"). The superlative is usually marked by "le" + comparative (e.g. le plus fortement).
Note
It seems necessary in French to distinguish the two parts of the negation ("ne ... pas"), because they play an important role in disambiguation. However, this violates the applicative principle (the categories in the corpus should be broader than the categories in the lexicon). Here the same lexical category (Rpn) would split in two corpus tags (R-NE, R-PAS). As a result, the regular expression Rpn cannot be used to define the corpus tags unambiguously.
We could add an attribute "Lexical Class" to discriminate between the two particles, as, if needed, for the distinction between the "être" and "avoir" auxiliary (see note supra).
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute Value Example Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Lex. class ne ne, n' n
pas pas, plus p
============ =========== =========== ====
However, the auxiliary distinction applied to many languages (English:
be/have; Italian: essere/avere, etc.), whereas the negation problem
seems specific to French. It seems therefore heavy to impose an
attribute "Lexical Class" for all languages in the Adverb category.
Another point of view would be to consider that, in fact, some lexical
subcategorization will be needed for one category or another in each
language, and add a "Lexical Class" attribute to all the
part-of-speech categories in a systematic way.
======= ================== =========================== Lexique Example Definition ======= ================== =========================== Rgp beaucoup General positive adverb Rgc davantage General comparative adverb Rgn jamais, en_rien General negative adverb Rpn ne,pas Negative adverbial particle =======================================================
============ =========== =========== ==== Attribute Value Example Code ============ =========== =========== ==== Type preposition en, de p ============ =========== =========== ====
Because of the agglutinating adpositions "de" and "à", the adposition class includes a number of composed elements ; each of them has a particular syntactic behaviour depending on the nature of the second agglutinated element. Je me rends audit rendez-vous auquel je pense les champs autour_des fermes
============= ============== ====================================================== Lexique Example Definition ============= ============== ====================================================== Sp en Adpos. Sp+Afpfp- auxdites Adpos. agglutinated with qualif. adjec. fem. plur. Sp+Afpfs- à_ladite Adpos. agglutinated with qualif. adjec. fem. sing. Sp+Afpmp- auxdits Adpos. agglutinated with qualif. adjec. masc. plur. Sp+Afpms- audit Adpos. agglutinated with qualif. adjec. masc. sing. Sp+Da-fp--d au_delà_des Adpos. agglutinated with definite article fem. plur. Sp+Da-mp--d autour_des Adpos. agglutinated with definite article masc. plur. Sp+Da-ms--d au Adpos. agglutinated with definite article masc. sing. Sp+Pr-fp-- desquelles Adpos. agglutinated with relat. pron. fem. plur. Sp+Pr-fs-- de_laquelle Adpos. agglutinated with relat. pron. fem. sing. Sp+Pr-mp-- desquels Adpos. agglutinated with relat. pron. masc. plur. Sp+Pr-ms-- auquel Adpos. agglutinated with relat. pron. masc. sing. Sp+Pt-fp-- auxquelles Adpos. agglutinated with interrog. pron. fem. plur. Sp+Pt-fs-- à_laquelle Adpos. agglutinated with interrog. pron. fem. sing. Sp+Pt-mp-- auxquels Adpos. agglutinated with interrog. pron. masc. plur. Sp+Pt-ms-- auquel Adpos. agglutinated with interrog. pron. masc. sing. ====================================================================================
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute Value Example Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type coordinat. et c
subordinat. que s
============ =========== =========== ====
======= ============================================= Lexique Example ====== ============================================= Cc mais, ou Cs que =====================================================
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute Value Example Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type cardinal deux c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender masculine un m
feminine une f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number singular un s
plural deux p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case /// /// -
============ =========== =========== ====
Note:
Ordinals are simple adjectives in French. They can never be determiners (e.g. *première fois était la bonne). Traditionnal grammars usually distinguish un/article and un/numeral. It is very difficult to find linguistic tests that enable to discriminate between the two, but we keep this distinction here.
cf. J'ai vu un chat (article)
J'ai vu un chat et deux chiens (numeral?)
Only un/une have a gender. All other numerals are invariant in gender. We will encode gender as not applicable rather than introduce a systematic homography.
Numerals are lexicalized up to one hundred ;
======= ============================================= Lexique Example ======= ============================================= Mcms- un Mcfs- une Mc-s- zéro Mc-p- deux, trois =====================================================
========= =========== Tag Example ========= =========== I eh =====================
======= ================ ============================= Lexique Example Definition ======= ================ ============================= I eh Interjection =======================================================
This class includes a single morpho-phonetic element "t" ("que chante-t-il" ?)
============ ============== ================ ======
Attribute Value Example Code
============ ============== ================ ======
Type unit of measure,
symbols,formulae cm u
expression etc. e
foreign columba_oenas f
============ ============== ================ ======
Note
This class includes miscellaneous items. In order to avoid
unmaintenable lists of heterogeneous elements, we have opted
to increment the list of attributes along with the creation
of such lexical units.
Up to now, we have distinguished upon morpho-syntactic criteria :
- Xu, units of measure, which are likely to follow numbers ;
- Xe, latin expression that are used in specific syntactical contexts
("cf. chap.4") ;
- Xf any foreign words used as nouns and poorly integrated in
french linguistic system (see "quattrocento" labelled Ncms-, as
it does not imply any syntactic alteration when used in a sentence.)
======= ============================================= Lexique Example ======= ============================================= Xe cf. Xu kg Xf ascosphera_apis =====================================================
